Asean poised for post-pandemic inclusive growth – here’s why

The Covid-19 pandemic caused global investment activities to fall amid economic uncertainties, lockdowns, supply chain disruptions and postponement of investment by multinational enterprises.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) also recorded that foreign direct investment (FDI) fell to $137 billion in 2020, down from its highest-ever inflow of $182 billion in 2019, when it was the largest recipient of FDIs in the developing world.

Despite the decline, the Asean remained an attractive investment destination.

The region's share of global FDI rose from 11.9 per cent in 2019 to 13.7 per cent in 2020 while the intra-Asean share of FDI in the region increased from 12 per cent to 17 per cent.

Additionally, the longer-term trend shows that the value of international project finance in the Asean has doubled from an annual average of $37 billion in 2015–2017 to an annual average of $74 billion in 2018–2020.

And the future looks bright. According to the first-of-its-kind Asean Development Outlook (ADO) report, the total combined GDP of 10 Asean countries in 2019 was valued at $3.2 trillion, making Asean the fifth-largest economy in the world and well on track to become the fourth largest by 2030.

With a total population of about 700 million people in the region, 61 per cent are under the age of 35 and the majority of young people are embracing digital technologies in their daily activities.

The outlook remains promising, with coordinated pandemic response efforts and several key developments underway in the region.

Coordinated Pandemic Responses

Asean members took coordinated actions to respond to pandemic challenges, such as the Hanoi Plan of Action on Strengthening Asean Economic Cooperation and Supply Chain Connectivity in Response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Members collaborated on the flow of essential goods and enhanced the resilience of its supply chains and sourcing in the region.

This joint response was critical given how the concentration of FDIs in the Asean is connected to global value chain activities or regional production networks that involve intra and inter-firm linkages.

To support recovery and resilience building, the Asean launched the Covid-19 Asean Response Fund and cooperated with external partners on the Asean Centre for Public Health Emergencies and Emerging Diseases to enhance regional health security and sustain Asean preparedness and resilience in the face of public health emergencies.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

The Asean-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement came into force on January 1. 2022, for Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Japan, Lao PDR, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

With it, the Asean resolves to keep markets open while strengthening regional economic integration towards post-pandemic inclusive recovery.

RCEP is the biggest regional free trade agreement in existence and will cover 30 per cent of the global GDP and 30 per cent of the world population in addition to accounting for over one-quarter of global trade in goods and services.

Key provisions addresses liberalising and promoting intra-RCEP trade, investment and  services as well as developing e-commerce, which is highly relevant for regional value chains as well as market and efficiency-seeking investment.

Furthermore, non-RCEP companies can also take advantage of its benefits by locating and operating in the region.

Considering that 40 per cent of investment in the Asean comes from RCEP members -- with about 24 per cent of that coming from non-Asean RCEP member countries -- opportunities exist to boost more sustainable FDI in the region, particularly value chain-linked FDI, taking into account the benefits of RCEP and recently concluded Asean Investment Facilitation Framework (AIFF).

Fourth Industrial Revolution and Digital Transformation

The recent adoption of the Consolidated Strategy on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) for the Asean during the 38th and 39th Asean Summits and the Asean Agreement on Electronic Commerce will advance the region's push for digital transformation and private investment in digital infrastructure development (5G networks and data centres), cloud computing, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and smart manufacturing.

The Asean Comprehensive Recovery Framework (ACRF) identified digital connectivity as a priority to facilitate regional connectivity and economic recovery.

This correlated to the findings of a survey of 86,000 people from six Asean countries conducted by the World Economic Forum and Sea, which found respondents (including business owners) who were "more digitised" tended to be more economically resilient during the pandemic.

However, the survey also found several barriers to digital adoption, including affordable access to quality internet and digital devices.

The Forum is addressing this global issue through initiatives like the EDISON Alliance, which mobilises multi stakeholder collaboration to expand digital access to more than 1 billion people by 2025.

The Asean Digital Integration Framework will also support the ACRF. The forum has been complementing Asean efforts through the Digital Asean Initiative on data policy, digital skills, e-payments and cybersecurity.

The Way Forward: Public-Private Cooperation

The Forum's Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Network, which brings stakeholders together to maximise the benefits of technology while reducing potential risks, have shown that public-private cooperation is instrumental for businesses and government to develop cooperative ecosystems to advance digital transformation and innovation.

Governments have an important role in incentivising investments in research and development, while the private sector will drive Industry 4.0 transformation through investing in digitalization of manufacturing, using advanced manufacturing solutions, building smart factories and establishing R&D facilities, technology hubs, and centres of excellence in the region.

Embracing 4IR also requires a parallel commitment to environmental sustainability. This can establish new forms of efficiency wherein sustainability and competitive excellence are not only compatible, but, in fact, intertwined.

A green future does not only benefit the well-being of the next Asean generation, but is good for Asean economically, boosting the region`s competitiveness in attracting green FDIs to address new climate-related investment and trade measures adopted by developed economies.

Asean has shown strong commitment towards climate change and global sustainability efforts.

Several initiatives support Asean`s sustainable ambitions, including the Global Plastic Action Partnership in Indonesia and Vietnam.

However, greater commitment to environmental stewardship is also required from the private sector to design corporate purchasing commitments that can drive investment in green technologies and market demand for low-carbon tech to help Asean meet climate.

The First Movers Coalition launched during COP26 could offer valuable  insights for Asean on how the private sector can drive decarbonization  in different industries and societies in the region.

The writer is head of Asia-Pacific, World Economic Forum