The missing link
What's holding back greater regional integration in South Asia?
The concept of South Asia as a region is largely inherited from the British colonial legacy, with some exceptions. The year of 1947 and subsequently the year of 1971 saw the breaking down of the common integrated landmass of the Indian sub-continent into several pieces. The initiative for an integrated South Asia only started in the early 1980s with the formation of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985. Since then there have been initiatives like the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) in 1993 and the agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006 to boost the regional integration process in South Asia.
Results of these initiatives, however, have remained largely unsatisfactory. Furthermore, with enhanced and persistent political conflicts between two major countries, i.e. India and Pakistan, there are now questions about whether South Asia can sustain as an integrated region in the future.
Yet, an integrated South Asia is important for many reasons. The region has a shared history, shared culture, and hundreds of years of a common civilisation which ran through different corners of this region. There is also convincing evidence that deeper integration is needed for generating and sustaining economic growth in a region that is home to a significant share, and the highest density, of poor people in the world. Deeper regional integration through trade in goods and services and better transport facilities will improve the competitiveness of these countries to better participate in global trade. Promotion of a regional supply chain will be crucial in developing dynamic comparative advantages of these countries. Finally, "peace dividends", through intra-country stable political relations, will be immensely high.
The aforementioned scenarios call for a deeper investigation into the causes behind the unsatisfactory progress of the integration process in South Asia. The most cited, and of course very important, factors in the "conventional" discourse are ineffective tariff liberalisation due to the presence of long sensitive lists in the FTA, non-tariff barriers, lack of trade facilitation, and lack of political will.
In this article, we explore three other factors which have not been discussed much in the regular discourse on regional integration process in South Asia. These are "size-imbalance", "start-up stage" and "convergence of development process". Here we argue that while tariff and non-tariff barriers, lack of trade facilitation and political will have their usual restraining effects, the aforementioned three other factors may qualify to be quite fundamental in understanding the unsatisfactory outcomes of the regional integration process in South Asia. For our analysis, we make comparisons among SAARC, ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), EU (European Union) and some African regional trading blocs.
The "size-imbalance" factor relates to the gigantic dominance of India in South Asia. The shares of India in the total land area, population and real GDP of South Asia in 2016 are 62 percent, 75 percent, and 83 percent respectively. The two other big countries in South Asia are Pakistan and Bangladesh with shares in regional GDP of only 7.6 percent and 5.6 percent respectively. In contrast, among the ten ASEAN countries, Indonesia has the largest share of around 40 percent in all three cases (land, population, and GDP).
However, with respect to the share in GDP, there are also five other major countries in ASEAN, namely Thailand (15.4 percent), Malaysia (13 percent), Singapore (11.1 percent), Philippines (10.7 percent), and Vietnam (6.2 percent). In NAFTA, among the three countries, the US has the largest share in land (45.3 percent), population (66.4 percent) and GDP (84.7 percent). In the case of EU, in terms of the share in regional GDP, the leading countries are Germany (20.7 percent), France (15.4 percent) and the UK (15 percent).
This implies that the size-imbalance factor is something unique in South Asia (though NAFTA can be a similar case), and it is a structural factor which is something given and very little can be done to counter it. However, this also highlights the fact that, in contrast to the leadership experience in any other comparable regional blocs (i.e. Indonesia in ASEAN and Germany in EU), there is a much more critical importance of India's leadership role in South Asia in taking the regional integration agenda forward.
The "start-up stage" factor relates to the stage of the level of development of the region, in terms of the average per capita GDP of the region, when the process of integration gets started. Interestingly, the South Asian regional integration process started at a much lower level of per capita GDP. For comparison, we consider 1992/1993 as the base year when ASEAN FTA was signed and when SAPTA was signed too. In 1993, in ASEAN, intra-regional trade was 19 percent, which increased to 24 percent in 2016. In contrast, in SAARC, in 1993, intra-regional trade was only three percent, which increased to 5.5 percent in 2016. In 1993, SAARC had the average per capita GDP of USD 869, in contrast to ASEAN's average per capita GDP of USD 7,645. If we exclude the outliers in both regions (Brunei and Singapore in ASEAN and Maldives in SAARC), then in 1993, those averages would be USD 730 for SAARC and USD 1,700 for ASEAN.
There is no denying that both NAFTA and EU started their regional integration process at much higher average levels of per capita GDPs than that of SAARC. Until recently, SAARC hosted five LDCs (now four as the Maldives graduated from the LDC status in 2011) out of eight members. Therefore, looking at the per capita GDP differentials, one may argue that the "pull factor" for regional integration is rather weak in South Asia. Most of the African regional trading blocs also have a similar "start-up stage" problem, and their regional integration processes also have been unsatisfactory as we observe in SAARC. All these issues indicate that there is a need for considerable "unorthodox" efforts for energising the regional integration process in South Asia, which should involve a much greater emphasis on intra-regional services and investment integrations.
Finally, the "convergence of development process" factor relates to the importance of the convergence of domestic development policies in the member countries for an effective regional integration process. In ASEAN, for decades, most of the member countries have been converging with respect to their domestic development policies related to trade openness, foreign investment, macroeconomic management and social policies, which has led to the search for a "Southeast Asian development model" in the development economics discourse.
In contrast, in South Asia, such convergence is very weak, and, therefore, there is no such "South Asian development model". This weak convergence of domestic development policies of the member countries in South Asia is a major restraining factor for a deeper integration. Therefore, to energise and sustain South Asia's regional integration process, it is very important that the member countries get their domestic policies "right".
Dr Selim Raihan is Professor, Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Executive Director, South Asian Network on Economic Modeling (SANEM).
Email: selim.raihan@econdu.ac.bd