Transatlantic ties hang in the balance as Trump comes to Europe
European leaders say they no longer have any illusions about Donald Trump as they welcome the US president at a Nato summit this week, but they fear his "America first" agenda may force a moment of reckoning that works to no-one's benefit.
After searching for stability and familiarity in US foreign policy in Trump's first year in office, America's friends in Europe have come to accept the president as an unpredictable political insurgent. But that does not make it any easier to see their own priorities undermined.
Germany's Foreign Minister Heiko Maas warned in a recent speech that "old pillars of reliability are crumbling", in a veiled reference to the US withdrawal from the 2015 Iran nuclear deal to tariffs on EU metals exports and the threat of more to come on cars.
On Nato's old foe Russia, the administration has sent mixed messages by intensifying a US military build-up in Europe while railing against fellow Nato members on defence spending and failing to coordinate on new sanctions on Moscow in 2017.
The US president - the de facto leader of the nearly 70-year-old North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - has indicated what his message will be at the two-day meeting from Wednesday: other governments must dramatically step up military spending and lower import tariffs.
"I'm going to tell Nato: You've got to start paying your bills. The United States is not going to take care of everything," Trump told a rally last week, adding: "They kill us on trade."
US officials and politicians regularly say Washington spends 70 percent of its defence budget on Nato, a claim that is flatly denied in Europe. One senior EU official said the number is more like 15 percent. Like many of the officials and diplomats quoted for this story, he asked not to be named because he was not authorised to speak on the record.
EU officials also contend EU tariffs on most US imports are already low.
A disastrous Nato summit could provide even worse optics than the divisive Group of Seven meeting in June, especially if a scheduled meeting with Russia's Vladimir Putin in Helsinki on July 16 is more convivial, Nato diplomats said.
Wess Mitchell, assistant US secretary of state for European affairs, told diplomats and Nato officials in a recent speech in Brussels that Trump was taking a new approach to problems that have festered for years, such as the Middle East peace process - even if it means going it alone.
"In the actions we take, we are hoping to spur a multilateral response to address some of the world's toughest challenges," Mitchell said.
He was echoing private comments made earlier to senior EU diplomats in Washington by Fiona Hill, a top advisor at the US National Security Council, which were described to Reuters. Hill sought to place Trump's policy decisions into a coherent whole, they said.