Europe in Islamophobia's grip?
More than two weeks on, the debate on the barbaric killings of Charlie Hebdo journalists and the freedom of expression has become a conversation across time-zones and political, cultural and legal divides. This is probably the first time that such a debate is taking place in a world connected by Facebook, Twitter and U-Tube.
Serious doubts are being raised about the argument that the attack wasn't calculated, premeditated murder, or akin to other recent acts of terrorism; rather, it was an assault on “Western values,” “European freedom,” on “democracy itself”; the targets could have been “you and me”; so all freedom-lovers must proudly declare “I am Charlie.”
This is utter nonsense. The attackers, the Algerian-French Kouachi brothers, executed a well-planned operation, called out the names of the weekly's cartoonists and killed them for what they self-avowedly had drawn or written. The brothers were – wrongly -- “avenging” an alleged “insult” to the Holy Prophet. Al-Qaeda has since claimed responsibility for planning the attack.
The cartoonists' murder must be strongly and unequivocally condemned as a horrible crime. But it's impossible to deny that most of the cartoons pertaining to Islam and Muslims which recently appeared in Charlie Hebdo were meant to lampoon, insult and provoke.
Defending free speech of course means defending speech you don't agree with. However, those who demanded that the Fourth Estate publish the Charlie cartoons as a litmus test of its commitment to freedom were being hypocritical. They had every right to show solidarity with the victims by re-posting the cartoons, but they must respect the right of others not to do so because they find them aesthetically revolting, bigoted or incendiary.
Those who defend Charlie Hebdo say it has a history of lampooning all religions, including Christianity (although rarely Judaism), that fiercely irreverent satire is part of the French cultural tradition, and that many Charlie cartoonists came from the secular Left. This defence is at least partially valid. France does have a tradition of irreverence towards authority and savage humour -- as anyone acquainted with French society, culture and the media would know.
However, in the recent past, Charlie's vitriol was reserved overwhelmingly for Islam. This shows poor judgment in a situation where Muslims are a marginalised and stigmatised minority, which faces great discrimination in relation to the power-wielding White Christian majority.
A large number of French-speaking youth of Arab origin have been radicalised since 9/11 by the excesses that came with the “war on terror,” including the barbarity of Abu Ghraib.
This doesn't justify, extenuate or condone the Charlie attack, but places it in its historical context. The conflict today is not between Islam and Western democracy, so much as between two rival ideologies/forces contending for global domination: the American-led “war on terror” in the name of democracy, and second, terror in the name of Islam. The West has the upper hand in this.
In Europe, the anti-immigrant and anti-Islamic Far Right is going from strength to strength, as is starkly evident in France, Germany and Britain. Under threat is not the freedom of expression of the majority, but the security of the religious minorities when they see #KillAllMuslims trending on Twitter, and the media promoting Islamophobia in the name of “European values.”
Many European countries don't allow Muslims to build mosques in convenient locations or to wear headscarves. Some don't permit ritual (halal) slaughtering. In Denmark, Muslims find it difficult to bury their dead since the Lutheran Church owns all the cemeteries. Muslims must either send their dead back to their “home countries” or negotiate their burial with local pastors in lands formerly reserved for non-believers in a limited number of cemeteries.
There has long existed a social compact in Western European countries, based on Christian culture and practices. Jews, who were held in contempt for centuries, have been accommodated into it since the War, but Muslims are still excluded.
Many Europeans are unaware of the discrimination their Muslims fellow-citizens suffer. Worse, they see Muslims as overrunning their societies. Recently, Fox-TV quoted an “expert” saying that Birmingham (UK) has become a “no-go” area for non-Muslims. In reality, only 22% of its population is Muslim. US politician Bobby Jindal has since made a similar assertion about Europe.
Such dangerous scare-mongering apart, many Europeans grossly overestimate the proportion of Muslims in their populations, says a Pew Research-Bertelsmann Foundation survey, quoted in The Economist. (www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/ daily-chart-2).
Muslims account for 7.5% of the French population. But in popular perception, they account for 31%. The respective percentages are 5 and 21 for Britain, 6 and 19 for Germany, 2 and 16 for Spain, and 4 and 20 for Italy. This reality-perception disconnect indicates serious paranoia.
Even more frightening, a clear majority of French, (East) German, Spanish, Swedish and Swiss people believe that “Islam is not compatible with the West” -- presumably because it's not open or democratic enough. The percentage in France, which has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe, is 56; and in Britain only slightly lower, at 47. In Spain, it's an alarming 65.
These are the same societies that encouraged immigration in the past because their populations were shrinking or getting too old to work. In most cases, the immigrants are “here” (in Europe) because Europeans had colonies “there.”
Yet, many European countries, including France, have laws that criminalise Holocaust denial, but none that prohibit the celebration or whitewashing of their own brutal record as colonisers who killed many more people than the six million Jews that Hitler butchered, unforgiveable as that was.
These double standards and hypocrisies should be candidly discussed to draw some lessons, come to terms with the past, and deal wisely with the present and future. But these are precisely the issues that are erased from public debate whenever the question of religious fanaticism or extremism leading to violence or terrorism arises in episodes like Charlie Hebdo. The response is, invariably, to assert the superiority of “Western values” and Europe's “secular culture”, and suppress rights through measures like a draconian French-style Patriot Act.
This vicious cycle must end. Instead of marching with the likes of Israel's Binyamin Netanyahu, Western leaders and the public ought to reflect seriously on how to break the cycle through non-discrimination, fairness and justice for all.
The writer is an eminent Indian columnist.
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