Kyrgyzstan's parliamentary election got underway yesterday with observers and smaller parties warning that vote buying could spoil a rare competitive election in former Soviet Central Asia.

Surrounded by authoritarian states with rubber-stamp legislatures, elections in mountainous Kyrgyzstan offer a colourful and sometimes unpredictable contrast.

President Sooronbai Jeenbekov will be hoping for a cooperative parliament as he plans for life after his term ends in 2023, knowing that his own predecessor and former protege Almazbek Atambayev is currently languishing in jail.

With the coronavirus pandemic battering paltry incomes, many observers are warning that the stage is set for massive ballot fraud by well-resourced parties.

Svetlana Lavrova, a resident of the capital Bishkek, told AFP that she watched citizens arrive by minibus at a polling station where they were greeted and handed pieces of paper.

Observers have warned that what Lavrova called "bussing" could indicate a coordinated vote-buying effort on the part of well-resourced, pro-government parties.

"Am I alone in voting according to my conscience?" 55-year-old Lavrova asked.

An AFP correspondent saw several Mercedes minibuses parked outside a polling station in the Besh-Kungey village close to Bishkek, where dozens of soldiers were queing to vote.

The correspondent said that civilian voters in the same queue appeared to be dressed differently from residents of the village, and that well-built men in tracksuits were observing the queue. 

The Central Election Commission said nearly 500,000 voters among the 3.5 million electorate changed their place of voter registration ahead of the polls.

Monitors have warned the figure could be yet another indicator of coordinated vote buying campaigns.

Polling stations across the country opened at 0200 GMT and will close at 1400 GMT, with the first results expected late yesterday.

Sixteen parties are competing for seats in the 120-member legislature.

The Birimdik (Unity) party is viewed as loyal to Jeenbekov and includes the president's brother and former parliamentary speaker Asylbek Jeenbekov among its candidates.

Its main rival, Mekenim Kyrgyzstan (My Homeland Kyrgyzstan), is associated with a powerful clan whose figurehead Rayimbek Matraimov -- a former customs service official -- was the target of anti-corruption protests last year.